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工业废气危害
工业废气危害
Harm of Industrial Exhaust Gas
（1）对人体健康的危害：世界卫生组织称，2012年空气污染造成约700万人死亡（部分人死亡原因与室内/外空气污染均有关），也就是全球每八位死者中就有一位。
(1) Harm to human health: According to the World Health Organization, air pollution caused about 7 million deaths in 2012 (some of which were related to indoor/outdoor air pollution), that is, one in eight deaths worldwide.
大气污染物对人体的危害是多方面的，主要表现是呼吸道疾病与生理机能障碍，以及眼鼻等粘膜组织受到刺激而患病。
The harm of atmospheric pollutants to human body is manifested in many aspects, such as respiratory diseases and physiological dysfunction, as well as irritation of mucosal tissues such as eyes and nose.
（2）对植物的危害：大气污染物，尤其是二氧化硫、氟化物等对植物的危害是十分严重的。当污染物浓度很高时，会对植物产生急性危害，使植物叶表面产生伤斑，或者直接使叶枯萎脱落；当污染物浓度不高时，会对植物产生慢性危害，使植物叶片褪绿，或者表面上看不见什么危害症状，但植物的生理机能已受到了影响，造成植物产量下降，品质变坏。
(2) Harm to plants: Atmospheric pollutants, especially sulfur dioxide and fluoride, are very serious to plants. When the concentration of pollutants is very high, it will cause acute damage to plants, causing the surface of plant leaves to produce spots, or directly make the leaves wither and fall off; when the concentration of pollutants is not high, it will cause chronic harm to plants, making the leaves of plants chlorotic, or seemingly invisible harmful symptoms, but the physiological function of plants has been affected, resulting in the decline of plant yield and deterioration of quality.
（3）对天气和气候的影响：大气污染物对天气和气候的影响是十分显著的。
(3) The impact on weather and climate: the impact of atmospheric pollutants on weather and climate is very significant.
可以从以下几个方面加以说明：
It can be explained from the following aspects:
①减少到达地面的太阳辐射量：从工厂、发电站、汽车、家庭取暖设备向大气中排放的大量烟尘微粒，使空气变得非常浑浊，遮挡了阳光，使得到达地面的太阳辐射量减少。据观测统计，在大工业城市烟雾不散的日子里，太阳光直接照射到地面的量比没有烟雾的日子减少近40%。大气污染严重的城市，天天如此，就会导致人和动植物因缺乏阳光而生长发育不好。
(1) Reduce the amount of solar radiation reaching the ground: a large number of dust particles emitted from factories, power stations, automobiles and household heating equipment into the atmosphere make the air very turbid, block the sun and reduce the amount of solar radiation reaching the ground. According to the observation and statistics, the amount of direct sunlight shining on the ground in the smokeless days of large industrial cities is nearly 40% less than that in the smokeless days. If air pollution is serious in cities, it will lead to poor growth and development of human beings, animals and plants due to lack of sunshine every day.
②增加大气降水量：从大工业城市排出来的微粒，其中有很多具有水气凝结核的作用，当大气中有其他一些降水条件与之配合的时候，就会出现降水天气。在大工业城市的下风地区，降水量更多。
(2) Increase the amount of atmospheric precipitation: There are many particles discharged from large industrial cities, many of which have the function of condensation nodules. When other precipitation conditions in the atmosphere cooperate with them, precipitation weather will occur. In downwind areas of big industrial cities, precipitation is more.
③下酸雨：有时候，从天空落下的雨水中含有硫酸。这种酸雨是大气中的污染物二氧化硫经过氧化形成硫酸，随自然界的降水下落形成的。硫酸雨能使大片森林和农作物毁坏，能使纸品、纺织品、皮革制品等腐蚀破碎，能使金属的防锈涂料变质而降低保护作用，还会腐蚀、污染建筑物。
(3) Acid rain: Sometimes, rain falling from the sky contains sulphuric acid. This acid rain is formed by the oxidation of sulfur dioxide, a pollutant in the atmosphere, to form sulfuric acid, which falls down with the natural precipitation. Sulfuric acid rain can destroy large areas of forests and crops, make paper, textiles, leather products and other corrosive breakage, deteriorate the anti-rust coatings of metals and reduce the protective effect, but also corrode and pollute buildings.
④增高大气温度：在大工业城市上空，由于有大量废热排放到空中，因此，近地面空气的温度比四周郊区要高一些。这种现象在气象学中称做"热岛效应"。
(4) Increase atmospheric temperature: Over large industrial cities, because a large amount of waste heat is discharged into the air, the temperature of the air near the ground is higher than that around the suburbs. This phenomenon is called "heat island effect" in meteorology.
Harm of Industrial Exhaust Gas
（1）对人体健康的危害：世界卫生组织称，2012年空气污染造成约700万人死亡（部分人死亡原因与室内/外空气污染均有关），也就是全球每八位死者中就有一位。
(1) Harm to human health: According to the World Health Organization, air pollution caused about 7 million deaths in 2012 (some of which were related to indoor/outdoor air pollution), that is, one in eight deaths worldwide.
大气污染物对人体的危害是多方面的，主要表现是呼吸道疾病与生理机能障碍，以及眼鼻等粘膜组织受到刺激而患病。
The harm of atmospheric pollutants to human body is manifested in many aspects, such as respiratory diseases and physiological dysfunction, as well as irritation of mucosal tissues such as eyes and nose.
（2）对植物的危害：大气污染物，尤其是二氧化硫、氟化物等对植物的危害是十分严重的。当污染物浓度很高时，会对植物产生急性危害，使植物叶表面产生伤斑，或者直接使叶枯萎脱落；当污染物浓度不高时，会对植物产生慢性危害，使植物叶片褪绿，或者表面上看不见什么危害症状，但植物的生理机能已受到了影响，造成植物产量下降，品质变坏。
(2) Harm to plants: Atmospheric pollutants, especially sulfur dioxide and fluoride, are very serious to plants. When the concentration of pollutants is very high, it will cause acute damage to plants, causing the surface of plant leaves to produce spots, or directly make the leaves wither and fall off; when the concentration of pollutants is not high, it will cause chronic harm to plants, making the leaves of plants chlorotic, or seemingly invisible harmful symptoms, but the physiological function of plants has been affected, resulting in the decline of plant yield and deterioration of quality.
（3）对天气和气候的影响：大气污染物对天气和气候的影响是十分显著的。
(3) The impact on weather and climate: the impact of atmospheric pollutants on weather and climate is very significant.
可以从以下几个方面加以说明：
It can be explained from the following aspects:
①减少到达地面的太阳辐射量：从工厂、发电站、汽车、家庭取暖设备向大气中排放的大量烟尘微粒，使空气变得非常浑浊，遮挡了阳光，使得到达地面的太阳辐射量减少。据观测统计，在大工业城市烟雾不散的日子里，太阳光直接照射到地面的量比没有烟雾的日子减少近40%。大气污染严重的城市，天天如此，就会导致人和动植物因缺乏阳光而生长发育不好。
(1) Reduce the amount of solar radiation reaching the ground: a large number of dust particles emitted from factories, power stations, automobiles and household heating equipment into the atmosphere make the air very turbid, block the sun and reduce the amount of solar radiation reaching the ground. According to the observation and statistics, the amount of direct sunlight shining on the ground in the smokeless days of large industrial cities is nearly 40% less than that in the smokeless days. If air pollution is serious in cities, it will lead to poor growth and development of human beings, animals and plants due to lack of sunshine every day.
②增加大气降水量：从大工业城市排出来的微粒，其中有很多具有水气凝结核的作用，当大气中有其他一些降水条件与之配合的时候，就会出现降水天气。在大工业城市的下风地区，降水量更多。
(2) Increase the amount of atmospheric precipitation: There are many particles discharged from large industrial cities, many of which have the function of condensation nodules. When other precipitation conditions in the atmosphere cooperate with them, precipitation weather will occur. In downwind areas of big industrial cities, precipitation is more.
③下酸雨：有时候，从天空落下的雨水中含有硫酸。这种酸雨是大气中的污染物二氧化硫经过氧化形成硫酸，随自然界的降水下落形成的。硫酸雨能使大片森林和农作物毁坏，能使纸品、纺织品、皮革制品等腐蚀破碎，能使金属的防锈涂料变质而降低保护作用，还会腐蚀、污染建筑物。
(3) Acid rain: Sometimes, rain falling from the sky contains sulphuric acid. This acid rain is formed by the oxidation of sulfur dioxide, a pollutant in the atmosphere, to form sulfuric acid, which falls down with the natural precipitation. Sulfuric acid rain can destroy large areas of forests and crops, make paper, textiles, leather products and other corrosive breakage, deteriorate the anti-rust coatings of metals and reduce the protective effect, but also corrode and pollute buildings.
④增高大气温度：在大工业城市上空，由于有大量废热排放到空中，因此，近地面空气的温度比四周郊区要高一些。这种现象在气象学中称做"热岛效应"。
(4) Increase atmospheric temperature: Over large industrial cities, because a large amount of waste heat is discharged into the air, the temperature of the air near the ground is higher than that around the suburbs. This phenomenon is called "heat island effect" in meteorology.
